TERMINATOR SALVATION - Spoiler Alert #3

The terminator that had Arnold Schwarzenegger's features before they were burned away. Note the sternal and costal pectoralis major fibers still clinging to the left chest and shoulder.

CANT' TAKE THE CREDIT FOR THIS ONE

My husband, the cartoonist, suggested that perhaps Governor Schwarzenegger was one of the unfortunates captured and experimented on by Skynet, in the early years. Despite his history of steroid use, the former Mr. Universe is a healthy specimen for his age. Obviously, humans trust their politicians more than they ought. The machines probably considered him an obvious choice when it came to making a human prototype.

TERMINATED BY THE TERMINATOR

Marcus has a big fight with the metallic core of a terminator that had the visage and physique of the governor of California. The "living tissue" doesn't last long on this particular Terminator. It is flayed off of him in an explosion. Marcus and the faceless Terminator are duking it out in the factory where the girl finds the power cells, by the by.

The Terminator punches Marcus in the chest with enough power to cause his human heart (encased in a metallic superstructure) to go into ventricular fibrillation. (I'm assuming his heart is fibrillating based on what happens next.) Marcus collapses, of course. Ventricular fibrillation is the cause of many massive deadly heart attacks in this country.

VF

Ventricular fibrillation essentially means that the muscle of the heart starts to quiver instead of contracting rhythmically. I believe I've read somewhere that severe trauma to cardiac muscle (such as a crushing blow to the chest) could cause VF. The cardiac muscle cells are still contracting, but the contractions are uncoordinated so blood can't be pushed out of the heart.

Connor is left to fight the Terminator alone. He tries, but the terminator is a Terminator, so it doesn't go well. In desperation, Connor goes to the still form of Marcus and tries to revive him. As is appropriate with ventricular fibrillation, Connor gives Marcus a "precordial thump ... (delivered with a clenched fist raised 10 to 30 cm [about 8 to 12 in.] above the sternum and brought down firmly)(1)."

Image of precordial thump technique from the great blog, Medgadget.com.

The precordial thump doesn't seem to work. No surprise since Marcus' heart is encased in super-hard metal, and Connor is a puny human, not the god he thinks he is. (More on the possible types of metal in a future post.) What is Connor to do? In true MacGyver fashion, he uses the materials at hand.

Connor pulls two electrical cables from the wall of the factory and uses them as a cyborg defibrillator. Ventricular fibrillation is treated by direct current defibrillation(2). We see this in moves all the time. For example, in Casino Royal, Vesper Lynd (Eva Green) defibrillates James Bond (Daniel Craig) after he's been poisoned by digitalis.

Connor gives Marcus a huge jolt of electricity from the cables. I admire this gimmick because it is exactly the kind of thing I might suggest for a movie of this type. Which is not to say that it would work, or that I understand anything about electricity. I'm not sure if Marcus' heart would have remained a lump of raw meat, or if Connor would be smelling barbecue.

If he was a normal person, Marcus' heart would have to be revived within 4-6 minutes in order to prevent brain damage from lack of blood and oxygen to his brain. We assume Connor makes the deadline, Marcus revives and saves the day. However, Marcus can't prevent the terminator from driving a big piece of metal through Connor's chest. The spike appears to penetrate from back to front, and emerges just next to the sternum around ribs 5 or 6.

Even with this wound, Connor can breathe and remain conscious. Here he is escaping to the helicopter with Marcus. He looks pretty good, doesn't he? Very alert, no palor, doesn't seem to be burbling blood...

Next time, ruminations about Marcus' heart.

1. Once again, my bedside Merck Manual, 16th Edition, p 524, comes in handy. Okay, it's not really bedside.

2. Sources vary on the amount of electricity needed to re-establish heart rhythm. According to Merck Online, a fibrillating patient is given a jolt of 120-300 joules. A really interesting article on the history of defibrillators describes an automatic emergency defibrillator as packing a 100 kilowatt punch in its charge, with a quick reverse current at the end. I went to Unitconversion.org to see if I could put joules and kilowatts in context for myself. I got confused trying to figure out volts, joules, watts, etc. I never watch an electrician on TV. I gave up trying to understand this stuff after about 15 minutes. Any help, anyone?

TERMINATOR SALVATION - Spoiler Alert #2

TWO CORTICES? Or is it cortexes...?

Apparently the cyborg, Marcus (the dreamiest cyborg yet!), has been given a "hybrid nervous system" as well as a metallic skeleton. According to dialogue, Marcus has a human cortex and a machine cortex in his brain. The cortex of the cerebrum is the outer, gray part. The cortex interprets and processes the sensory information coming into the brain, controls voluntary movements and functions in intellectual and emotional processing, including memory.

The cortex is called the cortex because it's the outermost part. Your adrenal glands have cortices, too. Guess where they are? Yup, they are the outer shell of the gland. So the conversation distracted me for a moment because I was trying to imagine how a brain has two outer casings. I wondered if they meant the extra "cortex" was labeled that way as a functional structure instead of an extra cap around Marcus' brain. Once I decided that was the case, I could keep moving with the film(1). The question remains as to whether the "control chip" placed at the back of Marcus' head is this second cortex.

Lobes of the Cerebrum

It does make sense that Marcus would have enhanced processing and voluntary motor control. Later, after I saw half his face taken off, I realized that he must have a metal skull. This would certainly help protect his brain from injury although injury from brain sloshing(2) would still be an issue. Perhaps the machines had invested Marcus' brain with so many fine, mesh-like wires that it would hold it in place during agitation. Let's face it: skipping across water like a stone, as Marcus does in the movie, would shake a non-augmented person's brain into a liquid bloody pulp. I get distracted by trivia like this. I think it's a sign I need to get out more...

An illustration of a contrecoup injury scenario. No big surprise, I found it on a site for a attorney's office.

FLAME RESISTANT HAIR

Has anyone noticed how characters in movies can survive the flaming backlash from an explosion with all their hair? It's maddening. Most people can't even get their locks within 6 inches of a candle flame. And yet 98%(3) of all movie characters retain their hair in the presence of fireballs.

Marcus (Sam Worthington) and Blair (Moon Bloodgood) have fire proof hair.

MACHINES DON'T WORRY ABOUT SAFETY STANDARDS

The girl, Star (Jadagrace), discovers a tray containing a number of nuclear fuel cells for the T800 series. I don't imagine that the machines have the same intolerance for radioactivity in the workplace as do people. Shouldn't someone pull that kid's pretty face away from a nuclear fuel cell before her skin bubbles away, or she's set up for cancer at an early age? Instead everyone goes over to stick their own faces next to the radiation, too. If John Connor is about to be a father, he better start thinking like one.

Star And The Gang

Next time, the big defibrillation scene!

1. I really had to resolve this issue! This is sooo important to my enjoyment of the film.

2. One of the (understandable) major oversights movies make is that a person can sustain a fatal brain injury even if their skull is intact. Acceleration/deceleration injuries can happen from violent shaking, striking the head, or if the head strikes something. The brain's axons and its blood vessels can get torn, leading to direct destruction, and damage from bleeding and swelling. A contrecoup injury means that the brain is damaged at the point of impact as well as the area opposite the point of impact. This happens because the brain is very liquidy and will "slosh" in the skull if forces permit.

3. These statistics cannot be verified because I made them up.

TERMINATOR SALVATION - Spoiler Alert #1

Being a science fiction fan and a lover of the first and second Terminator movies, I went to se Terminator Salvation with my screenwriter friend, Todd Alcott, who was in town for the weekend. I'll leave script analysis to the experts, but since I watch a doctor on TV, I consider myself fully qualified to probe the parameters of cyborg medicine.

Here's the basics of the plot from the Sony Pictures Official Website. My commentary is in italics:

"'Terminator Salvation' is set in post-apocalyptic 2018, where John Connor (Christian Bale - His character is a self-important jerk.) is the man fated to lead the human resistance against Skynet and its army of Terminators. But the future that Connor was raised to believe in is altered in part by the appearance of Marcus Wright (Sam Worthington - Yummy!), a stranger whose last memory is of being on death row. Connor must decide whether Marcus has been sent from the future, or rescued from the past (Connor doesn't care about Marcus' past. It's not an issue for him). As Skynet prepares its final onslaught ("Final" indeed!), Connor and Marcus both embark on an odyssey that takes them into the heart of Skynet's operations, where they uncover the terrible secret behind the possible annihilation of mankind. (Yes, there's a "secret", but it's established pretty early. "Possible" annihilation doesn't seem that exciting, does it?)

The movie has lots of good action, but lacks in plot. It's not entertaining enough to keep me from dwelling on trivia that wouldn't even get my notice on a better film. Like the dweeb that I am I took notes in the theater - for my blog, which makes me dweeb-concentrate. Today's entry covers the first entertaining distraction I encountered in the film.

Giant Robot

DROPPING PEOPLE INTO CAGES CAUSES INJURY - Don't try this at home!

Giant humanoid-shaped robots scoop people (like Jane Alexander) up in their mighty, bone crushing hands and drop them into cages on "human transport vehicles." The puny humans are dropped from a height of a minimum of 15 feet, to either land on other people (ouch!), or land on the floor of what looks like a cattle car. The citizens of the future have incredible righting reflexes and manage to land on their feet more often than not.

Human Transport Vehicle

Landing on one's feet from extreme height can result in a fracture-dislocation, where the lower bone of the ankle, the talus, is driven up between the two leg bones, the tibia and fibula. Usually there is some breakage of the fibula, and if you try hard enough, you can break your tibia, too! Depending on the direction of the force, the foot can also be displaced to the side(1). This type of injury is incredibly painful. Suddenly, a person with this type of fracture is a few inches shorter when standing on his broken foot, as compared to the healthy side.

Ankle Anatomy

Above is a picture of normal alignment between the tibia, fibula, and talus at the right ankle.

Here (below) is a dislocation-fracture of those bones. Notice the way the talus is now in between the bones of the lower leg. The fibula, on the left, is also broken but the break is not visible in this xray(2). Gruesome, isn't it?

Another variation can happen when the foot is displaced laterally (eversion) and the fibula is broken. This is called a Pott's fracture, pictured below. When comparing the two photos, be aware that the fibula is on the left side, and the tibia is on the right side in the xray above. In the illustration below, the fibula is on the right and the tibia is on the left. These are both right feet, but xrayed from the front and drawn from the back.

You'll notice that when the people are dumped out of the transport cars (in a scene vaguely reminiscent of Soylent Green with Charlton Heston) no one is limping, visibly in pain, or three inches shorter on one side because his foot has been shoved up his leg. Let's face it, Jane Alexander looks great but she is getting older, and she should be a little gimpy at this point in the film.

Is there more than ankle fracture to this movie? Oh yes! So much more! Next time, I write about Marcus' cybernetic brain, hair that will not burn, and child safety.

1. Dupuytren's fracture and Pott's fracture both present as variations on this scenario. I remember being told by a professor that one of these injuries is nicknamed "Paratrooper's fracture" because these types of injury are common if you land wrong when sky diving. This is, providing your parachute opens. If it didn't then you would really be "landing wrong!"

2. Xray is from the article by: Adla, Deepthi Nandan, Rachael Joanne Hutchinson, and Ian R. Scott. "An Unusual Fracture-Dislocation of the Ankle." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, American Volume 86.10 (Oct. 2004): 2287-2289.

Spider-Palm: Number 3

THE TRANSFORMATION

To recap: Parker is bit by the radioactive spider that is also a genetic hybrid of three different breeds of spider, one of which happens to be an excellent and prolific web-spinner. The venom, or some DNA from the spider's saliva, or something starts to do a number on Parker and his immune system. He goes to bed with flu like symptoms(1).

During the night, fibroblasts and myoblasts(2) migrate to Parker's palms because he has been chronically abrading them from some unkown activity, which he may have been performing that night, despite his illness. The fibroblasts form a bursa in each palm, full of synovial fluid that is altered by the spider's venom, or DNA, so that it dehydrates quickly, is adhesive instead of slimy, and has incredible tensile qualities.

Myoblast (Looks a little like a fibroblast, doesn't it?)

For more images of muscle cells and structures, click here.

Now, here is my more fanciful stretch of the imagination(3): myoblasts, found in the repairing injured tissue of Parker's inflamed palm, infuse and strengthen the structure of the bursa. Normally they would weaken or recede after repair is complete. These cells, thanks to the spider DNA, become incredibly strong smooth muscle cells, much like the cells that line one's intestine(4). Come to think of it, since Parker's skeletal muscle is transformed into incredibly strong tissue, it stands to reason that the smooth muscle in his gut (and everywhere else) is now super-strong as well.

Smooth muscle contracts with a wave-like actions known as peristalsis. This coordinated rippling in the gut gets your food through your digestive tract and excreted through your other end(5).

Mechanics of peristalsis

A photo of peristalsis in a horse's gut

(The principle is the same)

WHERE'S THE HOLE?

Parker aims his wrist at a distant object, flexes his third and fourth fingers, pressing into his newly formed bursa as he hyperextends his wrist to increase pressure on the fluid deep within the new sac of palmar fascia. The smooth muscle around the bursa contracts with peristaltic Spidey-strength and propels a mighty stream of whitish sticky stuff out his... wait a minute...

Wrist technique

My God!!! Parker has no hole! (In his wrist.) He has to have a hole there or nothing is going to come out. And how can Parker release a precise stream of fluid propelled for tens of yards on muscle power alone without a sphincter to control that mighty stream?

Only a scar

At his wrist we see a shot of a star-shaped scar-like structure, but there is no opening in his skin. there has to be a flap, or slit in the skin, or a miniature anus, or something. i understand that the producers might have felt that showing a puckered little sphincter or even a urethra-like opening on Parker's wrists might be a mood killer, but authenticity is important!

We're supposed to believe that these super-spider-DNA-enhanced-bursae with peristaltic sphincter propulsion just magically transport this sticky fluid through his palms and onto buildings without an opening in his skin? If there's no hole there, then how is any of this believable? My day has been ruined! Now I feel foolish analyzing this whole scenario, which obviously can't occur due to a simple lack of aperture!

Next, they'll be trying to get us to suspend disbelief as we watch some guy hook himself up to a robot with tentacles, that takes over his mind during a lab accident.

Doc Ock

Speaking of robots, well robots and cyborgs, next time we will look at a few moments from the new Terminator movie.

1. For more about flu like symptoms you can see Spidey Palm 1 (5/04/09). For you trivia buffs, Star Trek also relies on flu like symptoms for a small bit of plot (5/10/09).

2. Myoblasts are the cells from which all three types of muscle tissue develops, in utero. A type of myoblast helps repair injured tissues in adults. The textbook Human Anatomy and Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn, 7th Edition, 2007 from Pearson Benjamin Cummins, pp. 316-317, has an interesting explanation of myoblasts and what they do.

3. As if the rest of this was "sound science."

4. There are three kinds of muscle tissue: cardiac, found in (you guessed it!) the heart; smooth, found in glands and tubular organs; and skeletal, attaching mostly to bone. This is the type of muscle we use to move around with, and we eat as steak.

5. Anus. There. I said it. You have an anus, as do I, as does Peter Parker, and Mary Jane Watson. Plural of anus can be either anuses or anii.

Star Date: 2253.04

I saw Star Trek last night. Great movie! It has lots of action and aesthetically pleasing blood, which are two of my main priorities for this type of film.

Why am I interrupting the Spider-Man posts to talk about Star Trek? Well, dammit, Jim! This is important, man! It seemed like a good idea to go over a couple medical points that stood out. They were remarkable enough for me to try and take a couple notes in a dark theater, but shouldn't interfere with your enjoyment of the movie, in the least. Minor spoilers (for the extremely sensitive) follow.

Boy Spock: This is not the shot in discussion. I couldn't find that one on the IMDB

RED EARS, GREEN BLOOD

There is so much that is good about this movie, I don't want you to think I didn't enjoy it. The baby delivery scene is a hoot! But I did notice something that seemed like a bit of an oversight in a later shot that could have been corrected easily(1).

What was the problem? Boy Spock's ears. We see young Spock (Jacob Kogan), his lip split from a fight and oozing green blood, as he sits in front of a window, providing a flattering, glowing back light. He is impish and cute and has the look of an emotionless Vulcan school boy who knows he's been bad. The light from the window gently enfolds him and gives his little pointy ears a glowing pink tint.

This is where the record scratch sound that implies, "What the f---!" would come in. Don't get me wrong, the ear-glow is good. They make the prosthetic pointy ear (I assume it's a prosthetic) match its glow to Kogan's real ear, creating a seamless piece. But ears glow pink when light shines through them because of the red blood in the capillary beds of the ears.

I'm okay with green blood oozing from cute Vulcan red lips, this is art after all, but they missed an opportunity for a little finesse when they didn't make those ears glow green. The shot only lasts a few seconds. How hard can that be?

FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS

I just wanted to point out the scene where McCoy (Carl Urban) gives Kirk (Chris Pine) a vaccine so that Kirk will develop symptoms of illness and be taken on the Enterprise. He develops flu-like symptoms such as headache, nausea, fatigue, fever, etc. This is true of many vaccines for many diseases. They also added some colorful symptoms like blindness in the left eye. This sequence is not too far off base, but extremely sped up to keep the plot moving. An injection may be able to get into your bloodstream in seconds, but it is still going to take your body hours or days to react to the pathogens in the vaccine(2).

Kirk has an allergic reaction to the shot. This is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. His hands and tongue swell. He's lucky he can still breathe. People who get swollen tongues often get swollen lips, and not like they've had a bit too much collagen injected there, either. Think of having a child's football attached to your face. This doesn't happen to Kirk, only his hands are disfigured by swelling, and he can't talk. It may be the severest reaction McCoy has seen to the vaccine, but Kirk is lucky nonetheless.

McCoy orders something that sounds like "cortisone" to be given to Kirk. Epinephrine-like drugs will probably still be the drug of choice in the future over a cortisone-like drug. Epi-pens are used for these types of emergencies, currently. But what do I know, I'm not a pharmacologist by any stretch of the imagination. That stuff is hard.

Vulcan nerve pinch: note the third and fourth finger placement over the area of the right brachial plexus as it emerges from the scalenes.

Brachial plexus

VULCAN PINCHES

This Vulcan nerve pinch thing cracks me up. As a massage therapist I can put people into exquisite pain by squeezing the upper trapezius or anterior and middle scalene muscles, but I have yet to be able to render a patient unconscious. Lord knows I've tried.

Anatomically speaking, the only bundle of nerves in the area is the brachial plexus, which is composed of nerves leaving the vertebrae of the neck. They pass between the two scalenes mentioned above, and then form a number of nerves that innervate the arm and hand.

Squeezing the brachial plexus with the Vulcan nerve pinch won't effect the brain, but could cause someone to develop a bad case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, or Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, or in extreme cases paralysis of the upper extremity.

This being said, I assume the nerve pinch is only doable by Vulcans because it involves some sort of telepathy, or mind-meldy thing to make it work.

ROSEY BLUSH

One last thing: Spock (Zachary Quinto) tries to strangle Kirk. When Spock releases him, Kirk has ruddy finger marks on his neck. Nice touch!

Next time we continue our discussion of fibroblasts and Spider-Man's biological web spinning abilities... I swear it!

1. If you have an extra million dollars lying around for things like this.

2. For more on flu-like symptoms, go to the first Spider-Man post.

Spider-Palm: Number 2

Spider-Man

FIBROBLASTS

Fibroblasts? Really, fibroblasts as the key to engineering Spider-Man's web-squirting palms? Yes, fibroblasts. They even sound cool.

What are fibroblasts? They're cells that build connective tissue. They hang out in fascia, tendons, joint capsules, and other connective tissues and produce tough bundles of fibers made out of collagen. In a way, you could say that fibroblasts can spin a web, any size(1)!

Fibroblasts

Collagen

Fascia

When you tear a muscle or get tendinitis, or bruise or cut yourself, an inflammatory reaction results which helps to promote a series of events that will help repair dead or damaged tissues(2). Fibroblasts and some special types of muscle cells will move into the area to repair the damaged tissue. This repair process usually results in a scar.

Sometimes if a tendon, or the superficial connective tissue below the skin, becomes chronically stressed, abraded, and inflamed, fibroblasts will migrate to the area and begin to form a sack of connective tissue called a bursa, to try and cushion the area being stressed.

Bursa

What does a knee have to do with bursae? They're everywhere, that's what. If you want to experience a bursa first hand, pinch up the skin over your knee cap and roll it between your fingers. Feel how slippery it is inside? That's because there's a (pre-patellar) bursa there and you are rolling its slimy surfaces across one another.

SLIME BAG

Bursae(3) are normal parts of the musculoskeletal system. They are connective tissue sacks full of slimy synovial fluid(4). They are usually located between a tendon and a bone and provide cushioning to protect the tendon and its muscle from injury. The German word for bursa is schleimbeutel, which means "slime bag," which is exactly what they are. I love German!

As I said, you can grow extra bursae if you're chronically irritating an area. So... what kind of activity could a teenage male be engaged in on a regular basis that would create so much friction and abrasion of the palms, that his body would need to alter his palmar structure to protect it? Hmmmmm... it would have to be some kind of grasping, or rubbing, repetitive activity, performed regularly over weeks or months. I'm sure I can't think of anything.

Next time I'll tie these parts together to describe Parker's incredible transformation...

1. Is anyone keeping track of how many times I have recycled this joke?

2. For you trivia buffs, this inflammatory reaction is pretty much the same type of thing that I mentioned in the posts about Face/Off. The context is slightly different, but once again, we see that the body has only a limited number of ways to respond to trouble, and inflammation is a common response. Inflammation is also the reaction that would cause those hives Peter was experiencing in my last post.

3. Bursa is singular, bursae (pronounced bursay, or bursee, depending on who's arguing the loudest) is plural.

4. Synovial fluid is a slimy substance with the consistency of egg whites. It's just like that, really. I dissected a cadaver once and there was still synovial fluid in his knee. It's very clingy. Ick! Synovial fluid is secreted by a membrane called the (you guessed it!) synovial membrane, which lines the bursa, and also lines the inside of your joint capsules. The stuff helps lubricate surfaces to reduce wear and tear as they slide across one another.

Spider-Palm: Number 1

THE CHALLENGE

One of my anatomy students has asked me to explain Spider-Man's web squirting ability in one of my posts. How could I resist the opportunity to make jokes about the sticky palms of teenage males? I couldn't. I didn't even try. But I will try to keep myself in check and only crack wise at every fifth opportunity.

The bite

In both the comic and the movie (starring Toby Maguire as Peter Parker and directed by Sam Raimi), Peter is bitten by a genetically altered radioactive spider whose venom transforms Parker physically into the Spider-Man.

As we all know, Spider-Man's biological web making skills are not an issue in the comic book because although Parker was bitten by a spider, he devised a mechanical device that he straps to his wrist, by which to spin a web (any size!)

Steve Ditko drawing from Amazing Fantasy 15

(Being married to a cartoonist comes in handy!)

For this particular film, my challenge is to support the story by explaning the physiology behind the physical metamorphosis that Parker undergoes in teh movie. Let's start with his reaction to the spider's bit.

FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS

Here's a riddle: What do you get when you cross malaria with measles, Lyme disease, AIDS, and the flu? The answer is: Flu like symptoms! Ha! Ha!

Whenever your body is invaded by a pathogen, you fight it off in the best way you know how, which often means an elevated body temperature (fever) and some other events that help to boost up your immune system. The result is headache, malaise, muscle aches, fatigue, chills, etc. It doesn't matter whether the pathogen is something that will kill you or just make you miserable for a week, you body will usually respond the same way to practically anything.

So Parker gets bit by the spider and what happens? He ends up in bed with flu like symptoms or something. He sweats, he's shaky, a little delirious, probably has a headache, etc.

Flu like symptoms

URTICARIA

He also develops some lesions on his skin. Some diseases, like chicken pox or measles cause skin lesions, but can skin eruptions be the result of insect bites? Sure, a common disease caused by an insect bite is Lyme disease(1), which produces a bulls-eye rash at the site of the bite. Come to think of it, Parker gets a tiny bulls-eye rash at the bite, and skin lesions as well. Maybe the spider is also a vector for a radioactive bacteria? No... that's crazy.

Parker's bulls-eye like rash

Sign of Lyme disease: a bulls-eye rash

Parker gets a bunch of other welts over his forearms and not just at the site of the sting. commonly, one would only find a skin lesion at the area of the bite. Perhaps Parker is having an allergic reaction(2) to the radioactive spider venom. As far as make up goes, those hives (urticaria) are good and pronounced, but personally I'd like to see them pinker.

The welts work for allergic urticaria as is, but pink or ruddy skin indicates a perfusion of blood in the tissues' capillary beds. If Parker is undergoing a physical metamorphosis, that process is going to require a lot of oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal, all of which would happen via the blood. A little more rouge would boost authenticity.

Parker's flu like symptoms are not only a sign of his body's attempts to combat the spider's venom, but also a sign of his heightened metabolism, as his cells transform themselves and reorganize his body into that of a super-strong creature able to squirt adhesive fluid from more than the usual places.

How did he do it? How did his body grow a bunch of liquid web that would propel itself out of his wrists? Here's the magic cell that I say did most of the work...

The amazing fibroblast!

For more amazing adventures, stay tuned for the next post!

1. Lyme disease is caused by a tick that carries bacteria in its saliva. The tick is a vector for disease, meaning it does not cause the disease itself, it carries the organism that causes it in its mouth. The bacteria are then transmitted to a new host and the host, if it's a person, develops Lyme Dissease.

2. Allergies to many stings are a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. An allergic victim of a sting can experience a severe reaction at the site of the bite, but also in other areas, such as the airway. Hives and swelling of the respiratory passages are common, and if severe enough can lead to death. It's possible that Parker is having a milder allergic reaction, although the welts would probably happen before he could get home. What an embarrassment! To be all welted up on a school bus, eyes watering, itching like crazy, wheezing, etc. and under the gaze of the girl you have a crush on, Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst)